Global labor migration and host countries

According to estimates provided by the united nation, the number of international migrants has increased from about 82 million to over 190 million from 1970 to 2005. During the same period global export’s volumes underwent a major expansion while the foreign direct investment, which is determined using the U.S dollar, received more than 100% growth in the 1970 level to 2000.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Global labor migration and host countries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Over the last decades, international migration has greatly attracted a lot of attention although there has been slow rate of expansion on how people move internationally (Borjas, 1989). Various attempts have been made in barricading borders and this has shown that the borders may not be dominant limiting factors in reducing international immigration expansion. Controlling irregular immigration has become a very hard task to h andle, both locally and internationally. Each year many people worldwide leave their home countries with prospects of getting new jobs. Some are not looking for jobs but better working conditions and in some instances, they are propelled by insecurity and poverty to look for any work. Migration in search of labor is a major globalization feature and it creates a very big impact to the world economy (Boyd, 1989). In 2005, it was estimated that migrant workers every year send to their home countries about US$250 billion or US$160 billion with informal remittance in order to cater for their family’s and community’s needs. Such money also helps in boosting the economic prosperity and growth of the host countries. Currently a global consensus has been reached on how labor migration contributes to development and growth of both destination and home countries. However, barriers have been put in place to check movement between labor market demands and possible immigrations for foreign labor in the host nations. The global labor migration policies that fail to meet the needs of human rights can put a lot of pressure on individual immigrants as well as their societies (Ethier, 1986). Studies done have revealed that 10-15% of current migrations involve immigrants at irregular situations who enter or work in other countries without the necessary authorization.Advertising Looking for assessment on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In such cases, individual who opt to use irregular immigration expose themselves to very high degrees of abuse of their human rights, forced labor and exploitation. Hence, the today’s global challenge lies in formulating mechanisms and policies of managing and regulating labor migration and ensuring that it creates a positive development in the host and home countries as well as the migrant’s wellbeing. In situations where migrants find themselves in risky conditions, I LO comes in to protect them and improve their working conditions (Friedberg, 1995). The body has been in operation since 1919.ILO is entrusted with the mandate of controlling the entire workers world as well as structuring rules that cover their competencies. In addition, it plays a central and crucial role in promoting effective use of policies that minimize risks and maximize benefits in work-based migration. There is need to develop and extend the already undertaken research on migration of skilled international laborers as global international cities keep on attracting big flows of corporate power and capital. The research should be undertaken within the context the globe verses the cities, more particularly on banking and international nance. Cities such as New York, London and Tokyo have increased their Streng in holding the banking industry and global nance, they have discovered the importance of being global market players by attracting skilled workers (Mahroum, 2000). The global cities command and control the global economy, which is based up their success. In particular, they control spatial organizations in new international divisions and transnational corporations strategies. Urban hierarchy is becoming central to control and accumulation of capital since corporate power and decision-making have rapidly been increasing in the global cities’ headquarters. Within the banking industry in particular, the skilled international migration workers have greatly helped the city of London in maintaining its local labor market. The migrants have helped the city in going global by creating parallels to its major functions as a major capital corporate.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Global labor migration and host countries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The city has also become a social center of nancial service in the corporate global networks with a v ery big worker’s through flow from different country where issues can be marketed, deals made, syndicates established and deals made. There has been an increase in skilled international workers as a result of globalization in nancial capital. This effect has been felt within investment banking using three main interlocking mechanisms; exchange expansion, emergence of international nancial system and producer service internationalization. Skilled international migrations play a very critical role in processes of global labor market in the nancial service industry in which corporate transactions, face-to-face communication, â€Å"dealing, and wheeling† perform great roles. In securities industries and investment, banking the labor process requires individuals who are knowledge specific and highly skilled. In Britain for instance, labor market entry is regulated tightly by banks recruiting from Cambridge and oxford universities (Mahroum, 2000). The banks have also placed specific qualification with are accompanies by trainings in the course of the job. â€Å"Deskilling† process is therefore not a feature of the global labor market. Specific personal skills in managerial and processional work in securities and investment banking cannot be easily replaced by use of subcontracting arrangement, automation or through indigenous labor assimilation. Therefore, international labor migration of skilled workers is mainly focused between global cities’ nancial communities, which in most instances cut across internal labor markets, securities houses and transnational banks. In terms of wealth creation and earnings, relatively higher incomes, bonus schemes and performance based pay have greatly encouraged managerial workers and international professionals to look for opportunities within the global cities especially within the corporate headquarters (Jonathan, 1996). Such a case was witnessed in 1980s booming in which big influx of migrants entered the city of London.Advertising Looking for assessment on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This caused salaries over-inflation beyond the average expected earnings. The media has helped in constructing a powerful image of wealthy pickings of London nacial or Manhattan through exposure of the yuppie culture, sexy and fast lifestyles. London’s magnetism as a living space and and working destination cannot be underestimated in constructing of the uneven skilled individuals distribution within nancial industry’s economy worldwide. Corporate professional want to work in global cities as they consume and accumulate wealth. One can argue that; migration of skilled international laborers can be termed as a disproportionate process in formation of the global city since its characteristics and magnitude dependent highly upon a person’s functional city and control capabilities in the urban hierarchy. In addition, in the course of the relationship existing between the global city and migration, headquarters functional control and principal earnings greatly determ ine global labor movement concentration. In order for an individual to conceptualize deeply on the relationship that lies between skilled international labor migration and the global cities two studies done in London city on global investment banking were analyzed. The city’s postal questionnaire of security houses foreign banks and a detailed survey interview of foreign and British investment banks was also analyzed. In this review through the various provided examples on international labor migration, it been stated that migration plays a fundamental role in global city control and functional capability in the world economy. In addition, other cities such as Singapore, New York, Tokyo and Hong Kong have disproportionately improved the capabilities to control international labor within the nance (Jonathan,1996). Suggestions have been made that; the magnitude, nature and the characteristics of the skilled international migration will only work at different levels in urban hie rarchy. There are number of impacts felt on the receiving countries. The effects on migrants arrival on the host nation’s economy is highly influenced by different circumstances (Friedberg, 1995).Sometime there can be flexibility in salaries and wages like in the U.S and this acts as a form of evidence in justifying that increases in supply could cause decreases in wages even among individuals with quality education (Either, 1986). Among the European nations where wages vary with flexibility, there are higher degrees of unemployed individuals. In both cases, the problems caused by the underlying issues clearly prove to have relatively small magnitude. By analyzing migrant’s degree of production and chances of securing employment from a broader perspective, one can note that migrants chances of getting greatly rely on the demands of an employer. Different countries have decided to make us of a adoption point scheme, a tool that is useful in identifying acceptable immigr ants who can work in such countries (Durand, 1996). The tool is currently being used in; Canada and Australia and greatly helps in increasing matching likelihood (Boyd, 1989). However, employers can closely match their demands by requesting migrants for previous working experiences. Therefore one state that; many migrants’ chances of securing employment are highly dependent on the employer’s personal demands. If such a case occurs, employees are given strict penalties as one of the ways of reducing undocumented immigration. Migration leads to so many mixed initial challenges upon any given host country, but in most scenarios, the general resultant effects upon the natives incomes seem meager. Over a long period, other factors may start showing their impacts (Borjas, 1989). Host country’s production activities mix in some occasions could start changing in order to accommodate new arrivals’ the framework. Secondly, there can be disturbances caused by migrat ion on the fiscal balance within the host state. Whether immigrants are part of the effects depends on a number of factors such as tax collection, their employability, their eligibility and need for state support. If migration is not managed in a sober manner, it very unlikely that it could act as a relieve source. Lastly, immigration can greatly affect the migrants in a negative way through acceleration of technical changes in the society. There are various approaches, which can be used in improving and expanding the temporary migration schemes without putting into consideration of whether they are broader or bilateral. One of such approaches is by ensuring that there is improved immigrants outcome and reduced return to home countries rate (Massey, 1993). Reference list Borjas, G.J.,1989. Economic theory and international migration. International Migration  Review 23(5),p.457-485. Boyd, M.Y.,1989. Family and personal networks in international migration: recent developments and ne w agendas. International migration review, 43(4),p.638 670. Durand, J.K.,1996. International migration and development in Mexican communities.  Demography,33(2),p 249-264. Ethier, W.J.,1986. Illegal immigration: The host-country problem. The American  economic review,76(1),p56-71. Friedberg, R.M.,1995. The impact of immigrants on host country wages, employment and growth. The Journal of Economic Perspectives. The Journal of Economic  Perspectives, 9(2),p.23-44. Jonathan, V., 1996 International labor migration, investment banking and the city of  London, 33(8),1378-1392. Mahroum, S.K.,2000. Highly skilled globetrotters: mapping the international migration of human capital. RD Management,30(1),p.23-32. Massey, D.S.,1993. Theories of international migration: a review and appraisal.  Population and development review,23(8),p.431-466. This assessment on Global labor migration and host countries was written and submitted by user Analia Boyer to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Good Manufacturing Practices

Good Manufacturing Practices Introduction Good manufacturing practices are the set guideline that outlines the process of manufacturing and testing to enhance on the quality of the pharmaceutical drugs (Moynihan 2003). This set of regulations and guidelines must be strictly followed although in some areas, to encourage innovation there is some latitude offered as long as the following steps are followed and documented:Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Good Manufacturing Practices specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Ensure raw materials are of quality. Record detailing the whole process of manufacturing should be kept High standards of cleanliness should be maintained Confirm the qualifications of the manufacturing personnel. Do in house testing immediate after manufacture. Ensure that high standards are maintained in the production processes. Maintain proper channels of storage as well as of distribution (Finn 1999). The process involved in changi ng of the drugs The actual stage of manufacture is the last stage in the pharmaceutical drug production. Thus to change the profile content of an existing drug is treated the same as manufacturing because the side effects of this new ingredients are not yet known. This process requires strict and rigorous documentation for the drug to comply with the good manufacturing process. Recording of the entire manufacturing process is mandatory because the records can be used in the case of a problem or when challenged by legal hurdles (Leape 1994). The first documents involved are the research documents. Before any pharmaceutical drugs are manufactured for public use, research must be undertaken. First in the labs to ensure that, they will work for the intended purposes. This is done by testing the compounds that are thought to contain substrates that can help to combat or help to alleviate the symptoms of the disease the drug is intended. The process is complicated and can be achieved usin g many methods including use of computer simulation or testing the combinations nature if different compounds. At this point, the research findings must be documented and the total RD funds used in the process documented as well. The handling of the new material should be handled with care and should be treated as raw materials until all the tests have been concluded. The raw materials should be tested to ensure that they comprise of the required substrates The QC manager should be able determine their origin and method of manufacture. This is because the sources could be natural or synthetic (Rang, et al. 2003). This is because most of the raw materials that had been produced naturally in the past now are now being produced synthetically. Their production process production should be investigated by the QC manager to ensure that it is up to all the standards set out by the drug controlling body of the respective country. He should ensure that the raw materials are also inclusive of active pharmaceutical ingredients that are pharmaceutically safe and that they contain the desired effects on the body (Ray 2003).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More After being certain that, the raw materials are well according to standards, the next step should be the production of the sample of the drugs so that they can be used for testing and for obtainment of a license. After the manufacture of the sample, the testing of the drug is ready and can be done (Ray and Alan 2005). Testing of the drug The testing of the drug is carried out through drug trials where a sample of people are administered the drugs and the effects it has on the people recorded for further analysis. The first step in the testing is the use of preclinical studies. These are done in vitro tubes or on animal and cell structure experiments (Ruesch 1991). The next step is the use of a small numb er of volunteers to investigate whether the drug has any therapeutic effect on the human body as was expected. This stage does not deal with safety or even the efficacy of the drug (Ruesch 1992). Phase 1 involves using groups of about 20-100 healthy volunteers to establish the safeness of the drug and also the total time the body can absorb and make use of it. The stage also include dose ranging so that the exact amount of dose that be used for therapeutic purposes is established. Payments of the volunteers are done according to the agreed amount and the time spent on the testing facilities. The other stage of testing involves the use of a large number of patients’ volunteers. They test on the drug to establish how effective it is against the symptoms of the disease, the amounts of the doses that are effective and the side effects that might occur. The final stage involves the use of a large number of volunteers to test the drug. At this point the effective nature of the drug is investigated as well as the side effects that can occur in the event of the usage of the drug. After the success of this stage, then the drug is licensed and given a trademark name ready to be sold to the public ( Burgos 1986). Impurity profiles Impurities are common in drugs because they are also part of the ingredients used in their manufacturing process and purity tests must be undertaken to ensure their complete elimination. The most famous and effective is the use of chromatography that separates the impurities from the real ingredients if they are any available (Braithwaite 1984).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Good Manufacturing Practices specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More After the impurities have been identified, ways should be formulated to ensure their removal and also to minimize their effects on the drug. This should be by elimination of some of the manufacturing practices that are practiced in the f irm. There should be manufacture of fine crystals while the process of isolation, the drying of the tablets should be done by a vacuum dryer and finely stability studies should be undertaken and detailed investigations on the process of preparation (Barnett 2003). How to ensure high quality products are produced To ensure that high quality products are produced, quality control should be applied at every stage of manufacture. This is to make sure that there is early identification of any production problems especially the weakness of the drugs. If a problem is identified then, production should stop and the problem determined (Baker 1994). Conclusion Good manufacturing practices are guidelines which are set for the safety of the public while using the pharmaceutical drugs. The entire process should be adhered to ensure that only quality kinds of drugs are available to the public. There have been cases of some pharmaceutical companies using undue methods to get their drugs approved b ut later these drugs cause some un repairable damage or even death. The governing body such as the FDA in the United States should that the process is strictly followed and only quality drugs are licensed for sale. References Baker, A., 1994. Awakening Our Self-Healing Body A Solution to the Health Care Crisis. California: Self Health Care Systems, LA. Barnett, A., 2003. Revealed: how drug firms hoodwink medical journals. London: The Observer.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Braithwaite, J., 1984. Corporate Crime in the Pharmaceutical Industry. London: Routledge Kegan Paul. Burgos, J., 1986. Hidden Crimes (Film), SUPRESS. California: Pasadena. Finn, R., 1999. Cancer Clinical Trials: Experimental Treatments and How They Can Help You. Sebastopol: OReilly Associates. Leape, L., 1994. Error in medicine. Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), 272 (23), p. 1851. Moynihan, R., 2003. Who pays for the pizza? Redefining the relationships between doctors and drug companies. 2: Disentanglement. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 326 (7400), pp. 1193–1196. Rang, et al., 2003. Pharmacology 5 ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. Ray, M., 2003. Drug company sponsorship of education could be replaced at a fraction of its cost. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 326 (7400), p.1163. Ray, M. and Alan, C., 2005. Selling Sickness: How Drug Companies are Turning Us All Into Patients. Allen Unwin. New York. Ruesch, H., 1991. Slaughter of the Innocent. Hartsdale N Y: CIVITAS Publications. Ruesch, H., 1992. Naked Empress the Great Medical Fraud, CIVIS. Switzerland: Massagno/Lugano.

Overview of digital forensics at NIST Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Overview of digital forensics at NIST - Article Example Due to the increased computer related crimes, it is a fundamental requirement for any organization to employ these digital forensic skills to establish and solve their security issues. Use of these forensic techniques provides an additional assistance to the organization since it helps in troubleshooting, identification and repair of operational issues within a system, reviewing of the operating systems (Barnett, par. 9). Also provides recovery of lost data from computer systems in case of malicious or accidental damage. It provides protection of sensitive information which would otherwise be used for malicious purposes and even acquisition of data from the hosts that can be used by the company in the future. Furthermore, it also gives an opportunity to monitor log entries and prevention of policy violations. Apart from all the support these digital forensics, there are shortcomings that accompany their use and benefits outlined above. One disadvantage is the difficulty in obtaining information from mobile devices like phones, iPads, and personal digital assistants. Law enforcement and forensics on these devices are still a challenge since most of the mobile devices require specialized interfaces, storage, and hardware. Also getting information from the cloud storage space is tedious because of the complicated cloud