Essay on Interview with an Elderly Woman - 2246 Words

In the early 1940’s Marie was born into a small tight knit family living in a small rural Kentucky town. Marie is now in her seventies and has led a very interesting life traveling the country, raising four children, and shaping her chosen profession. Our interview sessions were conducted over a period of time, as Marie is very active and has little â€Å"free time† to spare. Early Life Her parents meet at a social gathering in town and where married shortly thereafter. Marie’s name was chosen by her grandmother and mother, â€Å"because they loved to read the list was quite long with much debate over each name.† If she was a boy her name would have been Francis, so she is very happy to have born a girl. Marie’s great uncle was a†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"One day, just after cleaning the landing area in the middle of the stairwell, the sun was shining through the window so brightly,† she recalls that from where she stood, at the foot of the stairs she could see the, â€Å"dust motes floating in the air.† These little tiny things floating in the rays of sunshine fascinated her. Early School Years Because the family traveled a lot Marie attended many different schools over the years with more years in Maryland schools than anywhere else. When asked about what interested her the most, she says the phrases people used to describe the same the thing. On the east coast sodas were called â€Å"pop† or â€Å"soda water†, in the west it was â€Å"cola†, in Maryland is was a â€Å"cold drink.† If you didn’t know how to say things the way everyone else did you were marked as an outsider. Marie developed an independent personality early on and rarely relied on her family for help. She was accustomed to collecting her school records from one school and enrolling her-self in the next school. A particular principle stands out in her memory, by looking at her records, which were from Texas, he told her that he was going to hold her back a year as the Texas school system was behind the Pennsylvania school system. This made Marie very angr y because she sure didn’t want anyone to think she had failed. So she bargained with the principle, asking him to let her be in the grade she should be in and if she couldn’t do the workShow MoreRelatedFor This Assignment, The Author Interviewed An Elderly1452 Words   |  6 PagesFor this assignment, the author interviewed an elderly woman who is roughly in her early eighties. Discussion occurred over the phone as Irene lives a relatively far distance from Denver, CO. The first conversation went over well and she was very open to discussing her life further. 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One woman is single, never married, no children, takes care of an elderly gentleman, participates in many church activities, mentors young children, benefits from quality family relationships, bonds with her girlfriends on a weekly basis, and enjoys many leisurely activities. She does not smoke, drink alcohol, or do drugs, and she still lives on her own. The second woman that I interviewed is singleRead MoreIvan Miranda, A Native Of Acapulco, Mexico868 Words   |  4 Pageswasn’t for them†, Ivan stated during the interview. I interviewed Ivan Miranda; a native of Acapulco, Mexico, about elderly roles in his family. Ivans grandparents are the first and the oldest generation of his family in America, therefore, a majority of the answers are of direction of his family’s values towards his grandparents and the ethics that are taught by them. 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Most of the spiritual practices were practices of mummifyingRead MoreAn African American Girl Is Not Always Equal Or Fair1641 Words   |  7 PagesUnderstanding the life journey of an elderly individual that is from a different racial group or ethnic group can be a challenging task, which takes some form of historical knowledge and cultural competency. Both historical knowledge and cultural competency will help with understanding the difference in the time gap and what was seen as socially normal then and what is seen as socially normal now. I was giving the chance to walk the shoes of an elderly White woman that had a completely different lifeRead MoreA Study On The Three Links Campus1422 Words   |  6 Pagesyou not to trespass. Yet it is a world that secure the worlds of many. A non profit organization established in 1899 as an orphanage, but as evolved over the years to redefine its market niche and capitalize on providing health care needs for the elderly. It’s organized in a tall structure that consist of supervisors, managers, directors, etc to keep operations smooth. On a day to day basis they serve 360 customers with a staff of 350 people working around the clock to make sure the customers needs

Effects of the Lack of Power and Control in Female Patients

Effects of the Lack of Power and Control in Female Patients In the late 19th century, many women were diagnosed with insanity, dementia, and other mental disorders. Although a large portion of these diagnoses were accurate, many of the female patients were mishandled and given the wrong prescriptions. Some treatments included locking patients in an empty room and forcing them to take medicine that either had no effect, or exacerbated the situation. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, demonstrates this corruption and goes into detail on how a female patient’s lack of power and control is detrimental to her mental, emotional, and physical wellbeing. Throughout â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† there is much evidence to suggest the†¦show more content†¦The failed diagnosis led to the narrator’s baby being nurtured by a nursemaid. As a result of her inability to care for her own child, the narrator descended into emotional chaos as would be expected of any mother. Another case of the narrator’s emotional deterioration results from her being â€Å"deprived of the freedom to write openly, which she believes would be therapeutic,† (Werlock2). Without writing, the narrator looks to her room for guidance. She develops an emotional attachment for the yellow wallpaper as it â€Å"both intrigues and repels her; it becomes the medium on which she symbolically inscribes her ‘text.’† As the story progresses, â€Å"she detects a subpattern in the wallpaper that crystallizes into the image of an imprisoned woman attempting to escape.† Eventually, as her emotional distraught increases, â€Å"the narrators identity merges with that of the entrapped woman, and together they frantically tear the paper from the walls.† The narrator’s postpartum depression and inability to write openly led her into an emotional insanity in which she became vulnerable and developed an obsession for the yellow wallpaper. When the narrator was confined to her room, she also physically suffered. The room that she inhabited was both simple and dull with not much furniture and nothing to pass the time. The narrator had a clear lack of power and control as sheShow MoreRelatedSummary Of One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest 1505 Words   |  7 Pagesunderstand the purpose of the text. Ken Kelsey is born in 1935, in La Junta, Colorado.(Biography) During his years at Stanford, he worked as a night attendant on the psychiatric ward of a hospital, where he witnessed the treatment of the inmates and the effects of the sterile structure on their identity and sanity. (NY Times) His experience at the hospital as a aid and as a voluntary experiment subject led to the birth of his 1962 novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo s Nest. (NY Times) Through the novel, heRead MoreAnorexia Nervosa Is A Serious Eating Disorder1324 Words   |  6 Pagesstrong desire to be skinny, or slim. 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In the short story of â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, the nar rator goes through psychological stagesRead MoreEating Disorders and Western Culture845 Words   |  3 Pagesor snack that they had scoffed earlier. Two of the most common eating disorders are anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. The regular description of a patient with either disease would be a youthful white female, with an upper social standing in a predictably socially competitive environment. At present, these eating disorders have an effect on roughly 25 million Americans, of which almost 25% are of the male gender. Out of all the psychological disorders, anorexia has the highest mortality rateRead MoreA Stressful Event That The Nurse Experienced1611 Words   |  7 Pagesmedications in the presence of the student’s professor or the nurse, but the preceptor refused to let the student give them saying she could not rely on student nurses and did not want to take any risk for her patients. For the entire day, the student nurse could not perform many things for her patients except cleaning and assisting with ADLs. The nurse blocked the student’s learning opportunities and made her feel useless and helpless. The experience reflects emotional aggression related to student nurseRead MorePsi Case1008 Words   |  5 Pagesrates between men and women, which is 27% and 12%, respectively. Women don’t have purchasing power. Raja, which means king, speaks to the masculinity of the men making them feel more powerful. Since Raja is a male condom, it is targeted toward the men in the villages. Maya, which means beauty, is a birth control pill that has been marketed toward women, but as stated before, women do not hold the purchasing power. Women both listen to their doctors or their husbands when it comes to contraceptives andRead More Gender Roles in The Yellow Wallpaper1447 Words   |  6 PagesThe Yellow Wallpaper alongside two other texts produced during this time period, in the effort to discover whether Gilmans depiction of women accurately reflects the society that produced it.    The Yellow Wallpaper features an unnamed female narrator who serves to exemplify the expectations placed upon women of the time period. As we are told early on, she is suffering from a nervous condition (Gilman 1). While we are not told the specific nature of this condition, we do discover thatRead MoreResearch Study On A Nurse Practitioner Operated Diabetic Clinic With A Population Of 2500 Patients1717 Words   |  7 PagesResearch Methodology Sample Setting and Strategy The setting for this research proposal study will be a Nurse practitioner operated diabetic clinic with a population of 2,500 patients. A targeted population of older adults from age 45 to 70 years, who have graduated from high school, and were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes for greater than 6 months will be used. The inclusion criteria for this research study will be: age 45 years or older, high school graduates, diagnosed with type 2 diabetes forRead MoreEssay on Horizontal Violence1725 Words   |  7 Pagessignificantly in the hospital setting. It is defined as bullying, verbal and physical aggression that occurs to employees in the workforce. Horizontal violence has harmful effects on nurses as it lowers their self- esteem, and makes them feel as if they have no power in their career. This phenomenon also negatively impacts patient centered care and safety as nurses are more vulnerable to making medication errors and careless mistakes. Horizontal violence can be decreased in th e hospital setting ifRead MoreApplication Of A Patient Assessment And Care Plan Formulation1529 Words   |  7 Pages1200hours The aim of the essay is to demonstrate the process of a patient assessment and care plan formulation in accordance with the assignment instructions. It is based on a case study, which illustrates a patient who has a diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia, the patient was admitted to a medium secure hospital unit, please see appendix for more details of the case study. The pseudonym Peter will be used to address the patient to maintain confidentiality as required by the Nursing and Midwifery

The Cycle of Fear Essay Example For Students

The Cycle of Fear Essay Native Son by Richard Wright is a piece of literature that is meant to demonstrate how fear in the white community drives society to label blacks as dangerous, immoral, and subhuman. The main character, Bigger Thomas, embodies all of the preconceptions and secret fears that people associate with black Americans. He lies, he steals, he is violent, and by the end of the story he is a rapist and a murderer. The first time he is given an opportunity to improve his familys life, he tries to adapt, but because of a turn of fate he has to throw his chances away. Bigger wants to evade all of the stereotypes of people like him. Eventually he realizes that he has become what everybody fears most: a nigger. His horrific crimes awaken the fears that the majority has against blacks, and they unleash a new wave of intolerance and oppression, which in turn creates more men just like Bigger. The story is set in post-WWII Chicago. Racism and segregation is a part of everyday life for Bigger. It is unspoken but everyone knows that blacks are only allowed to do certain things, while the whites keep their distance. A life of poverty and indifference has caused Bigger and his friends to become crooks, just as most people expect young black men to be. In order to enjoy simple entertainments like cigarettes and the cinema, Biggers crew has robbed from black-owned businesses many times. However, when a plan is made to steal from Blums Deli, which is run by a white man, Bigger instinctively evades the situation because he knows that being caught would destroy his future, especially because he is black. Instead he takes a job working for a wealthy white family, the Daltons. Mr. Dalton trusts Bigger and tries to be sympathetic toward him, which actually makes Bigger uncomfortable and volatile. His first night on the job, he has to escort the daughter Mary Dalton to her bedroom beca use she is too inebriated to go herself. When her blind mother hears them in her room, Bigger smothers Mary so he wont be discovered. He does this because he knows if he is found in her room, the white peoples prejudices, stereotypes and fears would condemn him. Instead, his own fear of their fears turns him into the thing they fear most: a Negro who murders a young white woman. When Bigger becomes the prime suspect for Marys murder, the entire city is in chaos. The prejudices and fears that the whites usually keep repressed are heightened because every black man they see could be the violent criminal Bigger Thomas. Every black woman could be Biggers mother or sister or lover. One black man even says, Every nigger looks guilty t white folks when somebodys done a crime.' (235) The blacks in the community are treated even more poorly by the white people because Bigger is one of them. The sensationalist stories about him in the newspapers convince people to fire their black workers, to turn blacks away from their stores and services, and to harass them on the streets. The white people no longer see blacks as individuals or even as people. They have no respect for them. At Biggers trial, the prosecutions lawyer, Buckley, uses language to dehumanize Bigger and make it clear that he deserved no sympathy that would be afforded to so-called civilized people. He call s him a savage, a black lizard, a sub-human killer, a rapacious beast, and countless other names. Although these comments are directed towards Bigger, it is not a stretch of imagination to believe that Buckley also relates these terms to all the other members of his race. It is easier to fear all of the blacks then to figure out which ones are to be feared or to create a plan for change, and this dehumanization is effective in creating a mob mentality that rallies against African Americans.

Robotics Essay Example

Robotics Essay Introduction Robotics has revolutionized the way industries operate, the way items are built, and the way society lives. Robotics is a fairly new technological advance that has made lives easier, and has provided a breakthrough for many operations and businesses. In a way, robotics is the future for businesses as well as the future of mankind. Like any other type of technology, robotics can be used in various industries, has advantages and disadvantages, and has a long history of how it came about. There are many aspects of robotics to be considered which include educational fields that one can choose, and the types of applications and industries robotics is found in. Safety is an important concept and part of robotics, especially because of its complexity. Being well educated in the field of robotics can play an important role on safety as well. This field can greatly reduce the workload and can increase the productivity in many companies, no matter how big or small. Robotics is the future, and embracing it will help in the future success of businesses. History of Robotics The actual word robot was made popular by an author in his 1921 play. This author claims that his brother was the inventor of the word, which comes from the Czech word â€Å"robota† meaning servitude. Robots were first used in factories such as industrial companies, where these would fix machines in order to handle manufacturing tasks that facilitated the production and assisted humans in their everyday tasks. Robots such as industrial robots that used artificial intelligence have actually been around since the 60’s. We will write a custom essay sample on Robotics specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Robotics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Robotics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer After the 1950’s computers along with robotics started to increase in popularity as well as complexity and numbers as technology also began to advance. In 1961, the first industrial robot was built to work on the General Motors assembly line, and this machine was conceived in 1954 by George Devol and was called Unimate. The name was given because the robot was manufactured by a company called Unimation. Unimate is to this day remembered as the first industrial robot ever built. After the first robot was built, many others started to come around, and in 1971 the first icroprocessor called 4004 was created by Ted Hoff at Intel. Many other creations began to follow such as programming language called Prolog, which became the basic language in the field of artificial intelligence, then came the first industrial robot with six electromechanic axes, then the silver arm, capable of replicating human hands. Currently, robots are used to monitor outer space. In April of 2001, the Canad arm2, which was attached to the space station, was launched into orbit. This robot was a much larger and more capable version of a previously used arm. Another break though in the robotics field made it to stores in 2002. The Roomba, a robotic vacuum cleaner manufactured by the company iRobot became quite popular during this time. The most recent robotic creation was the Robonaut 2, which is the latest generation of astronaut helpers that was launched into the space station on the STS-133 mission. This is the first humanoid robot in space. Some of its features included showing engineers how robots actually behave in space so they could work on upgrades and possible advances that would assist spacewalkers perform their scientific work. Google also came out with robotic vehicles, called Google driveless cars, which became famous in 2010. These robotic vehicles had drivers behind the wheels in case of an emergency, and drove to various places while taking pictures of their surroundings. Unimate Google Images4004 Google Images Canadarm2 Google ImagesThe Roomba Google Images Robonaut 2 Google ImagesGoogle’s Driveless Car Google Images Advantages Robotics as any other industry and profession has advantages and disadvantages. Business decisions usually come with pros and cons especially when it coms to automating the rocess of production by using industrial robots. Companies need to first take time and consider all the facts before deciding to add robots to their departments, especially when these can bring advantages and disadvantages in the process. Some of the advantages that robots can bring to companies is the fact that the quality of work is excellent. Industrial robots have the capabilities to improve the quality of production. Some of the applications performed by robots are more precise than those performed by humans and are more consistent in their quality as well. This igh level of quality and consistency is harder to obtain in any other way besides using robots. In production of products by using robots the speed of their outputs has a dramatic impact in the overall production of products. Robots are built to work at constant speeds without needing sleep, vacations, breaks, and they even produce more than any human worker. Safety is one of the other advantages found in the use of robots. Robots increase the safety in the workplace as these can perform in dangerous environments and hazardous settings, giving the opportunity to umans to move the supervisory roles and away from hazardous environments. Robots also have the advantage of proving savings for companies. Being able to provide a safe workplace, robots can bring financial savings to companies as these will incur less worke r compensation fees, no healthcare or insurance payments, and robots also perform at higher levels with a fraction of the effort. Disadvantages Robots also have disadvantages that need to be considered. Investing in a robot can be costly, especially if the business owner has a budget to work with. The cost of automating the roduction by using robots needs to be calculated into the business’ financial budget. The maintenance of the robot should also be calculated to avoid future surprises or bills. When it comes to robots, programming and interaction are required, as with new employees hiring and training is also a requirement. This programming and interaction can become costly depending on the time invested. Robots can also provide a safe work setting for employees, as they take the place of them in hazardous settings, but they can also bring safety problems. Their only presence can be the cause of hazard for workers as well. Advantages |Disadvantages | |You can send them to very dangerous places |You need to get people trained to fix them if anything wrong | | |happens | |You can make them do youre job for you |Need a very intelligent crew | |They are more accurate than humans Eg no shaking when in a |They can ruin peoples lives Eg Take their job away from them | |very important surgery, puts every screw in fabricating a car| | |etc. | |Can do jobs 24/7 |They are very expensive to make | |Can guard without being tired just keep doing the same thing |You need the right materials to make them, that could be very| |24/7 |rare | |No need of nutrients |If you make a very amazing robot with amazing quality and it | | |brakes, it might be very hard to fix | |You can program them to make them do exactly what you want |They can be very hard to program | |them to do | | |They can not harm you unless they are programmed to |They can reproduce but it could cost money for the materials | |Can work with out doubts Eg when you think what do i do |They can repr oduce but it could cost money for the materials | |now? | |They can lift very heavy things |You need highly trained people to make them | | |They can not recharge themselves | (Advantages and disadvantages, ). Industries Robotics falls into three major industries including manufacturing, service and defense. These industries will also generate jobs such as technical engineering, software, testing and many others. Because robotics is such a complex field, and no one person can manage knowing every aspect of it, this is known to be a collaborative field. Basically, robotics requires a lot of team work and discipline to achieve all the required tasks in providing a successful product. This is a great advantage as segments of robotics seem to be growing fast. One industry in particular as been the service industry, which has seen tremendous growth over the last decade. Robots are being used more frequently in manufacturing, where these help create jobs. Robots also help control quality of products and maintain that quality high. Currently, the highest percentage of robotics is seen in the United States, where about 60 percent of the service industry and 80 percent of the military industry are located. The largest manufacturers of robotics, however, are still in Germany and Japan. Service Industry Google ImagesMilitary Industry Google Images Robotics and Education Currently the robotics industry is growing rapidly, and if people do not already own a robot, they will very soon. This industry is growing in various ways such as size and sales, as well as creating growth around itself. It has been found in recent research that the robotics industry is expected to generate over one million new jobs over the next five years. One great way to get involved in the field of robotics is to sign up for the First Robotics Competition. This is a good first step, especially for those under 18 years of age. By getting involved in the competition, you can learn every aspect of robotics, the different product life cycles, and also gain experience in the field. College is another great way to learn about robotics, as many institutions offer classes and degrees in robotics. Robotics is a very complex field, and it as multiple industries that it’s a part of. The robotics industry can offer employment to a wide range of people, even if their specialties do not include a degree in this field. Many people who have science degrees, physics, or even electronics degrees are employed in the field of robotics. Software is a part of robots that is not usually visible, yet engineers that design these software are very important and there are many jobs available for them. The future will be driven by software designers, and those who specialize in computer science. If one is passionate about robotics, it is recommended to take a course in a robotics elated field to learn more, and to find the different paths you can take in this field. By doing so, one can meet other people interested in robotics and share ideas and interests. Some universities do not offer specific robotics courses, but you can learn about robotics by taking engineering classes as well. Som e of the subjects that will allow you to learn more about robotics include computer science, mechanical engineering, and electronics engineering. It is always a good idea to spend time taking small courses to see if this field is the right career path, instead of diving into a three to four year degree without being sure it’s the right choice. Careers in Robotics | |Robot Service Engineer | |As a service engineer you would be responsible for installing, maintaining and fixing any faults with the robots. | |Qualifications: Often offered as a modern apprenticeship (Requiring GCSEs), a BTEC in electronics or an A-level in an engineering related | |subject. | |Product Consultant / Demonstrator | |If you are confident in presenting in front of a group then this job may be perfect for you. You would be required to learn everything | |about a companies and demonstrate it to a group of potential customers. | |Qualifications: This would depend on the specific company. If presenting is the primary role, an A-level in English would be beneficial. | | |Research Assistant | |If you are passionate about developing new robot technology and can demonstrate good analytical and practical skills you may be ideal for | |research. | |Qualifications: A-level, Higher education certificate, Degree or Masters in an engineering related subject. | Safety Working with robots will become more and more common, whether at home or in the workplace. With new developments in the robotics field, one of the problems that engineers are facing is safety. Safety is a concern that every industry has with their employees, and is now becoming a concern with robotics as well. One of the solutions that have arise regarding safety has been to prevent the user from coming into contact with the robot by using physical barriers to do so. While studying robot-human interaction, which is known as HRI, it has been found that removing these barriers will allow people to and robots to work together and cooperate in order to perform the required tasks. Robot systems that are able to perform HRI tasks will be considered as being safety-critical complex systems because of their size, behavior, functionality, and can even cause damage to their surroundings and to their operators. One of the objective when it comes to designing robots is to have the engineers work to achieve safety. Even if engineers design a safe robot, it an be hard to prove its safety by merely testing it. The Future of Robotics One aspect in which robotics has revolutionized the way we live has been the invention of the mobil phone. This invention changed the communication industry when it was introduced in the early 90’s. This simple device has sparked demand for wireless communication as well as portability in other devices. Knowing how robotics has changed the way we communicate, it can be predicted that robotics will have a great impact on the future as way especially in the areas of battery life and weight, artificial intelligence, and swarm robotics. Battery life is essential for mobil devices, and it can be seen as it is the largest part of the device, and the heaviest. In the uture, power sources will be reduced to allow a smaller device with longer battery life. The second area in which robotics will impact is artificial intelligence, or AI. So far many advances have been made in this field, but there is still much to be done. Currently, AI systems have been created to generate logic routine s at basic levels. In the future, AI software may be able to think or even act like humans. Swarm robotics is the last important area, and it refers to controlling multiple cooperating robots. This basically means that multiple robots will be able to do various tasks and at the same time be cooperating directly or indirectly to complete that task. This will help in employee a large amount of robots to complete one major task. Mobil Devices Google Images Artificial Intelligence Google Images Swarm Robotics Google Images Robots vs. Humans Robots are known to have skills that cannot be matched by humans. In some cases, robots perform one function, but in others robots can take on various tasks that will take the place of several employees. One good example is how electric shavers used to be assembled in the old days, by using hundreds of factory workers who perform this task by using only their hands. Now, these same tasks are performed by robot hands. These robots can perform the work at igher speeds than humans can, three sifts a day, 365 days a year, and without vacation, breaks, or sick days. The future of business is in robotics. Companies are now wanting to work with the robotics systems that electronics giants such as Apple are currently using. Because robots are coming down in price, and at the same time growing in sophis tication, it is believed that jobs will be lost. The success of robotics has jeopardized many jobs as so many tasks can be performed at a fraction of the time, higher quality, and at a fraction of the price. Even robot manufacturers have stated that in several applications robots are already more cost-effective than people. One ay to show this was seen in a company where a $250,000 robot replaced two machine operators, making $50,000 per year, and over the 15-year life of the system, the machines yielded $3. 5 million in labor and productivity savings. Robots are known for being a faster assembly line, and this is one of the main reasons they have been replacing so many factory workers, and giving companies more of a competitive advantage and savings. Conclusion Robotics has become a great part of society’s lives, and has even become essential in developing specialized tasks that need the constancy and preciseness of robots. Handling certain tasks could take excess amount of money and time that if performed by humans alone could ruin ompanies as they would not be competitive in the market. Robots provide us with the assistance needed to get the job done faster, and in a more productive way. This is the future and being a part of it makes it definitely better. References Wikipedia. (n. d. ). History of robots. Retrieved from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/History_of_robots Robotics careers and education. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. razorrobotics. com/careers-and-education/ Future of robotics. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. razorrobotics. com/future-of-robotics/ Robot safety. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. razorrobotics. com/safety/ PLATT , J. R. (n. d. ). The real steel: Robotics careers ready to boom. Retrieved from http://www. todaysengineer. org/2012/Feb/career-focus. asp Advantages and disadvantages of robotics. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http:// 14wo. qataracademy. wikispaces. net/Advantages and disadvantages of robotics Advantages and disadvantages of automating with industrial robots. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. robots. com/blog/viewing/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-automating-with- industrial-robots MARKOFF, J. (n. d. ). Skilled work, without the worker. Retrieved from http://www. nytimes. com/ 2012/08/19/business/new-wave-of-adept-robots-is-changing-global-industry. html? pagewanted=all=0 Robotics Essay Example Robotics Essay The  Shadow robot hand  system Robotics  is the branch of  technology  that deals with the design, construction, operation, development and application of  robots  [1]  and computer systems for their control, sensory feedback, and information processing. These technologies deal with automated machines that can take the place of humans, in dangerous or manufacturing processes, or simply just resemble humans. Many of todays robots are inspired by nature contributing to the field of  bio-inspired robotics. The concept in creation of machines that could operate autonomously dates back to  classical times, but research into the functionality and potential uses of robots did not grow substantially until the 20th century. [2]  Throughout history, robotics has been often seen to mimic human behavior, and often manage tasks in a similar fashion. Today, robotics is a rapidly growing field, as technological advances continue, research, design, and building new robots serve various practical purposes, whether  domestically,  commercially, or  militarily. Many robots do jobs that are hazardous to people such as defusing bombs, exploring shipwrecks, and mines. Contents  Ã‚  [hide]   * 1  Etymology * 2  Components * 2. 1  Power source * 2. 2  Actuation * 2. 3  Sensing * 2. 4  Manipulation * 2. 5  Locomotion * 2. 6  Environmental interaction and navigation * 2. 7  Human-robot interaction * 3  Control * 3. 1  Autonomy levels * 4  Robotics research * 4. 1  Dynamics and kinematics * 5  Education and training * 5. 1  Career training * 5. 2  Certification * 5.   Summer robotics camp * 5. 4  Robotics afterschool programs * 6  Employment * 7  See also * 8  References * 9  Bibliography * 10  Further reading * 11  External links| - [edit]Etymology The word  robotics  was derived from the word  robot, which was introduced to the public by  Czech  writer  Karel Capek  in his play  R. U. R. (Rossums Universal Robots), which premiered in 1921. [3]The word  robot  comes from the S lavic word  robota, which is used to refer forced labor. According to he  Oxford English Dictionary, the word  robotics  was first used in print by  Isaac Asimov, in his  science fiction  short story Liar! , published in May 1941 in  Astounding Science Fiction. Asimov was unaware that he was coining the term; since the science and technology of electrical devices is  electronics, he assumed  robotics  already referred to the science and technology of robots. In some of Asimovs other works, he states that the first use of the word  robotics  was in his short story  Runaround  (Astounding Science Fiction, March 1942). 4][5]  However, the original publication of Liar! predates that of Runaround by five months, so the former is generally cited as the words origin. The word  robot  was introduced to the public by the  Czech  writer  Karel Capek  in his play  R. U. R. (Rossums Universal Robots), published in 1920. [3]  The play begins in a factory that makes artificial people called  robots  creatures who can be mistaken for humans – though they are closer to the modern ideas of  androids. We will write a custom essay sample on Robotics specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Robotics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Robotics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Karel Capek himself did not coin the word. He wrote a short letter in reference to an  etymology  in the  Oxford English Dictionary  in which he named his brother  Josef Capek  as its actual originator. [3] In 1927 the  Maschinenmensch  (machine-human)  gynoid  humanoid robot  (also called Parody, Futura, Robotrix, or the Maria impersonator) was the first and perhaps the most memorable depiction of a robot ever to appear on film was played by German actress  Brigitte Helm  in  Fritz Langs  film  Metropolis. In 1942 the science fiction writer  Isaac Asimov  formulated his  Three Laws of Robotics  and, in the process of doing so, coined the word robotics (see details in Etymology section above). In 1948  Norbert Wiener  formulated the principles of  cybernetics, the basis of practical robotics. Fully  autonomous robots  only appeared in the second half of the 20th century. The first digitally operated and programmable robot, the  Unimate, was installed in 1961 to lift hot pieces of metal from a die casting machine and stack them. Commercial and  industrial robots  are widespread today and used to perform jobs more cheaply, or more accurately and reliably, than humans. They are also employed in jobs which are too dirty, dangerous, or dull to be suitable for humans. Robots are widely used in  manufacturing, assembly, packing and packaging, transport, earth and space exploration, surgery, weaponry, laboratory research, safety, and the mass production of consumer and industrial goods. [6] Date| Significance| Robot Name| Inventor| Third century B. C. nd earlier| One of the earliest descriptions of automata appears in the  Lie Zi  text, on a much earlier encounter between  King Mu of Zhou(1023–957 BC) and a mechanical engineer known as Yan Shi, an artificer. The latter allegedly presented the king with a life-size, human-shaped figure of his mechanical handiwork. [7]| | Yan Shi| First century A. D. and earlier| Descriptions of more than 100 machines and automata, including a fire engine, a wind o rgan, a coin-operated machine, and a steam-powered engine, in  Pneumatica  and  Automata  by  Heron of Alexandria| | Ctesibius,  Philo of Byzantium, Heron of Alexandria, and others| c. 20 B. C. E| A wooden, steam propelled bird, which was able to fly| | Archytas of Tarentum| 1206| Created early humanoid automata, programmable automaton band[8]| Robot band, hand-washing automaton,[9]  automated moving peacocks[10]| Al-Jazari| 1495| Designs for a humanoid robot| Mechanical knight| Leonardo da Vinci| 1738| Mechanical duck that was able to eat, flap its wings, and excrete| Digesting Duck| Jacques de Vaucanson| 1898| Nikola Tesla demonstrates first radio-controlled vessel. Teleautomaton| Nikola Tesla| 1921| First fictional automatons called robots appear in the play  R. U. R. | Rossums Universal Robots| Karel Capek| 1930s| Humanoid robot exhibited at the 1939 and 1940  Worlds Fairs| Elektro| Westinghouse Electric Corporation| 1948| Simple robots exhibiting biological be haviors[11]| Elsie and Elmer| William Grey Walter| 1956| First commercial robot, from the Unimation company founded by  George Devol  and  Joseph Engelberger, based on Devols patents[12]| Unimate| George Devol| 1961| First installed industrial robot. Unimate| George Devol| 1973| First  industrial robot  with six electromechanically driven axes[13][14]| Famulus| KUKA Robot Group| 1974| The world’s first  microcomputer  controlled electric industrial robot, IRB 6 from ASEA, was delivered to a small mechanical engineering company in southern Sweden. The design of this robot had been patented already 1972. | IRB 6| ABB Robot Group| 1975| Programmable universal manipulation arm, a Unimation roduct| PUMA| Victor Scheinman| 2004| Launch of IRC5, which set new standards with its modular concept, a completely new ergonomically-designed  Windows CEinterface unit (touch screen) to speed up programming. | IRC5| ABB Robot Group| - [edit]Components [edit]Power source Furthe r information:  Power supply  and  Energy storage At present mostly (lead-acid)  batteries  are used as a power source. Many different types of batteries can be used as a power source for robots. They range from lead acid batteries which are safe and have relatively long shelf lives but are rather heavy to silver cadmium batteries that are much smaller in volume and are currently much more expensive. Designing a battery powered robot needs to take into account factors such as safety, cycle lifetime and weight. Generators, often some type of internal combustion engine, can also be used. However, such designs are often mechanically complex and need fuel, require heat dissipation and are relatively heavy. A tether connecting the robot to a power supply would remove the power supply from the robot entirely. This has the advantage of saving weight and space by moving all power generation and storage components elsewhere. However, this design does come with the drawback of constantly having a cable connected to the robot, which can be difficult to manage. [15]  Potential power sources could be: * pneumatic  (compressed gases) * hydraulics  (liquids) * flywheel energy storage * organic garbage (through  anaerobic digestion) faeces (human, animal); may be interesting in a military context as faeces of small combat groups may be reused for the energy requirements of the robot assistant (see DEKAs project Slingshot Stirling engine on how the system would operate) [edit]Actuation Main article:  Actuator A robotic leg powered by  air muscles Actuators are like the muscles of a robot, the parts which convert  stored energy  into movement. By far the most popular actuators are el ectric motors that spin a wheel or gear, and linear actuators that control industrial robots in factories. But there are some recent advances in alternative types of actuators, powered by electricity, chemicals, or compressed air. [edit]Electric motors Main article:  Electric motor The vast majority of robots use electric motors, often brushed and brushless DC motors in portable robots or AC motors in industrial robots and  CNCmachines. These motors are often preferred in systems with lighter loads, and where the predominant form of motion is rotational. [edit]Linear actuators Main article:  Linear actuator Various types of linear actuators move in and out instead of by spinning, and often have quicker direction changes, particularly when very large forces are needed such as with industrial robotics. They are typically powered by compressed air (pneumatic actuator) or an oil (hydraulic actuator). [edit]Series elastic actuators Main article:  Series elastic actuator A  spring  can be designed as part of the motor actuator, to allow improved force control. It has been used in various robots, particularly walkinghumanoid  robots. [16] [edit]Air muscles Main article:  Pneumatic artificial muscles Pneumatic artificial muscles, also known as air muscles, are special tubes that contract (typically up to 40%) when air is forced inside them. They have been used for some robot applications. [17][18] [edit]Muscle wire Main article:  Shape memory alloy Muscle wire, also known as Shape Memory Alloy, Nitinol or Flexinol Wire, is a material that contracts slightly (typically under 5%) when electricity runs through it. They have been used for some small robot applications. [19][20] [edit]Electroactive polymers Main article:  Electroactive polymers EAPs or EPAMs are a new plastic material that can contract substantially (up to 380% activation strain) from electricity, and have been used in facial muscles and arms of humanoid robots,[21]and to allow new robots to float,[22]  fly, swim or walk. [23] [edit]Piezo motors Main article:  Piezoelectric motor Recent alternatives to DC motors are  piezo motors  or  ultrasonic motors. These work on a fundamentally different principle, whereby tiny  piezoceramic  elements, vibrating many thousands of times per second, cause linear or rotary motion. There are different mechanisms of operation; one type uses the vibration of the piezo elements to walk the motor in a circle or a straight line. [24]  Another type uses the piezo elements to cause a nut to vibrate and drive a screw. The advantages of these motors are  nanometer  resolution, speed, and available force for their size. [25]  These motors are already available commercially, and being used on some robots. [26][27] [edit]Elastic nanotubes Further information:  Nanotube Elastic nanotubes are a promising artificial muscle technology in early-stage experimental development. The absence of defects in  carbon nanotubes  enables these filaments to deform elastically by several percent, with energy storage levels of perhaps 10  J/cm3  for metal nanotubes. Human biceps could be replaced with an 8  mm diameter wire of this material. Such compact muscle might allow future robots to outrun and outjump humans. [28] [edit]Sensing Main article:  Robotic sensing Sensors allow robots to receive information about a certain measurement of the environment, or internal components. This is essential for robots to perform their tasks, and act upon any changes in the environment to calculate the appropriate response. They are used for various forms of measurements, to give the robots warnings about safety or malfunctions, and to provide real time information of the task it is performing. [edit]Touch Main article:  Tactile sensor Current  robotic  and  prosthetic hands  receive far less  tactile  information than the human hand. Recent research has developed a tactile sensor array that mimics the mechanical properties and touch receptors of human fingertips. 29][30]  The sensor array is constructed as a rigid core surrounded by conductive fluid contained by an elastomeric skin. Electrodes are mounted on the surface of the rigid core and are connected to an impedance-measuring device within the core. When the artificial skin touches an object the fluid path around the electrodes is deformed, producing impedance changes that map the forces received f rom the object. The researchers expect that an important function of such artificial fingertips will be adjusting robotic grip on held objects. Scientists from several  European countries  and  Israel  developed a  prosthetic  hand in 2009, called SmartHand, which functions like a real one—allowing patients to write with it, type on akeyboard, play piano and perform other fine movements. The prosthesis has sensors which enable the patient to sense real feeling in its fingertips. [31] [edit]Vision Main article:  Computer vision Computer vision  is the science and technology of machines that see. As a scientific discipline, computer vision is concerned with the theory behind artificial systems that extract information from images. The image data can take many forms, such as video sequences and views from cameras. In most practical computer vision applications, the computers are pre-programmed to solve a particular task, but methods based on learning are now becoming increasingly common. Computer vision systems rely on image sensors which detect electromagnetic radiation which is typically in the form of either  visible light  or  infra-red light. The sensors are designed using  solid-state physics. The process by which light propagates and reflects off surfaces is explained using  optics. Sophisticated image sensors even require  quantum mechanics  to provide a complete understanding of the image formation process. Robots can also be equipped with multiple vision sensors to be better able to compute the sense of depth in the environment. Like human eyes, robots eyes must also be able to focus on a particular area of interest, and also adjust to variations in light intensities. There is a subfield within computer vision where artificial systems are designed to mimic the processing and behavior of  biological system, at different levels of complexity. Also, some of the learning-based methods developed within computer vision have their background in biology. [edit]Other Other common forms of sensing in robotics use  LIDAR,  RADAR  and  SONAR. [citation needed] [edit]Manipulation KUKA  industrial robot  operating in afoundry Further information:  Mobile manipulator Robots need to manipulate objects; pick up, modify, destroy, or otherwise have an effect. Thus the hands of a robot are often referred to as  end effectors,[32]  while the arm is referred to as a  manipulator. [33]  Most robot arms have replaceable effectors, each allowing them to perform some small range of tasks. Some have a fixed manipulator which cannot be replaced, while a few have one very general purpose manipulator, for example a humanoid hand. For the definitive guide to all forms of robot end-effectors, their design, and usage consult the book Robot Grippers. [34] [edit]Mechanical grippers One of the most common effectors is the gripper. In its simplest manifestation it consists of just two fingers which can open and close to pick up and let go of a range of small objects. Fingers can for example be made of a chain with a metal wire run through it. 35]  Hands that resemble and work more like a human hand include the  Shadow Hand, the  Robonaut  hand,[36]   Hands that are of a mid-level complexity include the Delft hand. [37][38]  Mechanical grippers can come in various types, including friction and encompassing jaws. Friction jaws use all the force of the gripper to hold the object in place using friction. Encompassing jaws cradle the object in place, using less friction. [edit]Vacuum grippers Vacuum grippers are very simple astrictive[39]  devices, but can hold very large loads provided the  prehension  surface is smooth enough to ensure suction. Pick and place robots for electronic components and for large objects like car windscreens, often use very simple vacuum grippers. [edit]General purpose effectors Some advanced robots are beginning to use fully humanoid hands, like the Shadow Hand, MANUS,[40]  and the  Schunk  hand. [41]  These are highly dexterous manipulators, with as many as 20degrees of freedom  and hundreds of tactile sensors. [42] [edit]Locomotion Main articles:  Robot locomotion  and  Mobile robot [edit]Rolling robots Segway  in the Robot museum in  Nagoya. For simplicity most mobile robots have four  wheels  or a number of  continuous tracks. Some researchers have tried to create more complex wheeled robots with only one or two wheels. These can have certain advantages such as greater efficiency and reduced parts, as well as allowing a robot to navigate in confined places that a four wheeled robot would not be able to. [edit]Two-wheeled balancing robots Balancing robots generally use a  gyroscope  to detect how much a robot is falling and then drive the wheels proportionally in the opposite direction, to counterbalance the fall at hundreds of times per second, based on the dynamics of an  inverted pendulum. 43]  Many different balancing robots have been designed. [44]  While the  Segway  is not commonly thought of as a robot, it can be thought of as a component of a robot, when used as such Segway refer to them as RMP (Robotic Mobility Platform). An example of this use has been as  NASAs  Robonaut  that has been mounted on a Segway. [45] [edit]One-wheeled balancing robots Main article:  Self-balancin g unicycle A one-wheeled balancing robot is an extension of a two-wheeled balancing robot so that it can move in any 2D direction using a round ball as its only wheel. Several one-wheeled balancing robots have been designed recently, such as  Carnegie Mellon Universitys Ballbot that is the approximate height and width of a person, and Tohoku Gakuin Universitys BallIP. [46]  Because of the long, thin shape and ability to maneuver in tight spaces, they have the potential to function better than other robots in environments with people. [47] [edit]Spherical orb robots Main article:  Spherical robot Several attempts have been made in robots that are completely inside a spherical ball, either by spinning a weight inside the ball,[48][49]  or by rotating the outer shells of the sphere. 50][51]  These have also been referred to as an  orb bot  [52]  or a ball bot. [53][54] [edit]Six-wheeled robots Using six wheels instead of four wheels can give better traction or grip in outdoor terrain such as on rocky dirt or grass. [edit]Tracked robots TALON  military robots  used by the  United States Army Tank tracks provide even more traction than a six-wheeled robot. Tracked wheels behave as if they were made of hundreds of wheels, therefore are very common for outdoor and military robots, where the robot must drive on very rough terrain. However, they are difficult to use indoors such as on carpets and smooth floors. Examples include NASAs Urban Robot Urbie. [55] [edit]Walking applied to robots Walking is a difficult and dynamic problem to solve. Several robots have been made which can walk reliably on two legs, however none have yet been made which are as robust as a human. There has been much study on human inspired walking, such as AMBER lab which was established in 2008 by the Mechanical Engineering Department at Texas Aamp;M University. [56]  Many other robots have been built that walk on more than two legs, due to these robots being significantly easier to construct. 57][58]  Walking robots can be used for uneven terrains, which would provide better mobility and energy efficiency than other locomotion methods. Hybrids too have been proposed in movies such as  I, Robot, where they walk on 2 legs and switch to 4 (arms+legs) when going to a sprint. Typically, robots on 2 legs can walk well on flat floors and can occasionally walk up  stairs. None can walk over rocky, uneven terrain. So me of the methods which have been tried are: [edit]ZMP Technique Main article:  Zero Moment Point The Zero Moment Point (ZMP) is the algorithm used by robots such as  Hondas  ASIMO. The robots onboard computer tries to keep the total  inertial forces  (the combination of earths  gravity  and the  acceleration  and deceleration of walking), exactly opposed by the floor  reaction force  (the force of the floor pushing back on the robots foot). In this way, the two forces cancel out, leaving nomoment  (force causing the robot to rotate and fall over). [59]  However, this is not exactly how a human walks, and the difference is obvious to human observers, some of whom have pointed out that ASIMO walks as if it needs the  lavatory. 60][61][62]  ASIMOs walking algorithm is not static, and some dynamic balancing is used (see below). However, it still requires a smooth surface to walk on. [edit]Hopping Several robots, built in the 1980s by  Marc Raibert  at the  MIT  Leg Laboratory, successfully demonstrated very dynamic walking. Initially, a robot with only one leg, and a very small foot, could stay upright simply by  hopping. The movem ent is the same as that of a person on a  pogo stick. As the robot falls to one side, it would jump slightly in that direction, in order to catch itself. 63]  Soon, the algorithm was generalised to two and four legs. A bipedal robot was demonstrated running and even performing  somersaults. [64]  A  quadruped  was also demonstrated which could  trot, run,pace, and bound. [65]  For a full list of these robots, see the  MIT Leg Lab Robots  page. [edit]Dynamic balancing (controlled falling) A more advanced way for a robot to walk is by using a dynamic balancing algorithm, which is potentially more robust than the Zero Moment Point technique, as it constantly monitors the robots motion, and places the feet in order to maintain stability. 66]  This technique was recently demonstrated by  Anybots  Dexter Robot,[67]  which is so stable, it can even jump. [68]  Another example is the  TU Delft Flame. [edit]Passive dynamics Main article:  Passive dynamics Pe rhaps the most promising approach utilizes  passive dynamics  where the  momentum  of swinging limbs is used for greater  efficiency. It has been shown that totally unpowered humanoid mechanisms can walk down a gentle slope, using only  gravity  to propel themselves. Using this technique, a robot need only supply a small amount of motor power to walk along a flat surface or a little more to walk up a  hill. This technique promises to make walking robots at least ten times more efficient than ZMP walkers, like ASIMO. [69][70] [edit]Other methods of locomotion [edit]Flying A modern  passenger airliner  is essentially a  flying  robot, with two humans to manage it. The  autopilot  can control the plane for each stage of the journey, including takeoff, normal flight, and even landing. [71]  Other flying robots are uninhabited, and are known as  unmanned aerial vehicles  (UAVs). They can be smaller and lighter without a human pilot on board, and fly into dangerous territory for military surveillance missions. Some can even fire on targets under command. UAVs are also being developed which can fire on targets automatically, without the need for a command from a human. Other flying robots include  cruise missiles, the  Entomopter, and the  Epson micro helicopter robot. Robots such as the Air Penguin, Air Ray, and Air Jelly have lighter-than-air bodies, propelled by paddles, and guided by sonar. Two robot snakes. Left one has 64 motors (with 2 degrees of freedom per segment), the right one 10. [edit]Snaking Several  snake  robots have been successfully developed. Mimicking the way real snakes move, these robots can navigate very confined spaces, meaning they may one day be used to search for people trapped in collapsed buildings. [72]  The Japanese ACM-R5 snake robot[73]  can even navigate both on land and in water. [74] [edit]Skating A small number of  skating  robots have been developed, one of which is a multi-mode walking and skating device. It has four legs, with unpowered wheels, which can either step or roll. [75]  Another robot, Plen, can use a miniature skateboard or roller-skates, and skate across a desktop. 76] [edit]Climbing Several different approaches have been used to develop robots that have the ability to climb vertical surfaces. One approach mimics the movements of a human  climber  on a wall with protrusions; adjusting the  center of mass  and moving each limb in turn to gain leverage. An example of this is Capuchin,[77]  built by Stanford University, California. Another approach uses the specialized toe pad method of wall-climbing  geckoes, which can run on smooth surfaces such as vertical glass. Examples of this approach include Wallbot  [78]  and Stickybot. 79]  Chinas Technology Daily November 15, 2008 reported New Concept Aircraft (ZHUHAI) Co. , Ltd. Dr. Li Hiu Yeung and his research group have recently successfully developed the bionic gecko robot Speedy Freelander. According to Dr. Li introduction, this gecko robot can rapidly climbing up and down in a variety of building walls, ground and vertical wall fissure or walking upside down on the ceiling, it is able to adapt on smooth glass, rough or sticky dust walls as well as the various surface of metallic materials and also can automatically identify obstacles, circumvent the bypass and flexible and realistic movements. Its flexibility and speed are comparable to the natural gecko. A third approach is to mimic the motion of a snake climbing a pole[citation needed]. [edit]Swimming (Piscine) It is calculated that when  swimming  some fish can achieve a  propulsive  efficiency greater than 90%. [80]  Furthermore, they can accelerate and maneuver far better than any man-made  boat  orsubmarine, and produce less noise and water disturbance. Therefore, many researchers studying underwater robots would like to copy this type of locomotion. 81]  Notable examples are the  Essex University Computer Science  Robotic Fish,[82]  and the Robot Tuna built by the  Institute of Field Robotics, to analyze and mathematically model  thunniform motion. [83]  The  Aqua Penguin, designed and built by Festo of Germany, copies the streamlined shape and propulsion by front flippers of  penguins. Festo have also built the Aqua Ray and Aqua Jelly, which emulate the locomotion of manta ray, and j ellyfish, respectively. [edit]Environmental interaction and navigation Main article:  Robotic mapping RADAR,  GPS,  LIDAR, re all combined to provide proper navigation and  obstacle avoidance  (vehicle developed for 2007  DARPA Urban Challenge) | This section  does not  cite  any  references or sources. Please help improve this section by  adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and  removed. (July 2009)| Though a significant percentage of robots in commission today are either human controlled, or operate in a static environment, there is an increasing interest in robots that can operate autonomously in a dynamic environment. These robots require some combination of  navigation hardware and software  in order to traverse their environment. In particular unforeseen events (e. g. people and other obstacles that are not stationary) can cause problems or collisions. Some highly advanced robots such as  ASIMO, and  Meinu robot  have particularly good robot navigation hardware and software. Also,  self-controlled cars,  Ernst Dickmanns  driverless car, and the entries in the  DARPA Grand Challenge, are capable of sensing the environment well and subsequently making navigational decisions based on this information. Most of these robots employ a  GPS  navigation device with waypoints, along withradar, sometimes combined with other sensory data such as  LIDAR,  video cameras, and  inertial guidance systems  for better navigation between waypoints. [edit]Human-robot interaction Main article:  Human-robot interaction Kismet  can produce a range of facial expressions. If robots are to work effectively in homes and other non-industrial environments, the way they are instructed to perform their jobs, and especially how they will be told to stop will be of critical importance. The people who interact with them may have little or no training in robotics, and so any interface will need to be extremely intuitive. Science fiction authors also typically assume that robots will eventually be capable of communicating with humans through  speech,gestures, and  facial expressions, rather than a  command-line interface. Although speech would be the most natural way for the human to communicate, it is unnatural for the robot. It will probably be a long time before robots interact as naturally as the fictional  C-3PO. [edit]Speech recognition Main article:  Speech recognition Interpreting the continuous flow of  sounds  coming from a human, in  real time, is a difficult task for a computer, mostly because of the great variability of  speech. [84]The same  word, spoken by the same person may sound different depending on local  acoustics,  volume, the previous word, whether or not the speaker has a  cold, etc.. It becomes even harder when the speaker has a different  accent. [85]  Nevertheless, great strides have been made in the field since Davis, Biddulph, and Balashek designed the first voice input system which recognized ten digits spoken by a single user with 100% accuracy in 1952. 86]  Currently, the best systems can recognize continuous, natural speech, up to 160 words per minute, with an accuracy of 95%. [87] [edit]Robotic voice Other hurdles exist when allowing the robot to use voice for interacting with humans. For social reasons,  synthetic voice  proves suboptimal as a communication medium,[88]  making it necessary to develop the emotional component of robotic voice through various techniques. [89][90] [edit]Gestures Further information:  Gesture recognition One can imagine, in the future, explaining to a robot chef how to make a pastry, or asking directions from a robot police officer. In both of these cases, making hand  gestures  would aid the verbal descriptions. In the first case, the robot would be recognizing gestures made by the human, and perhaps repeating them for confirmation. In the second case, the robot police officer would gesture to indicate down the road, then turn right. It is likely that gestures will make up a part of the interaction between humans and robots. [91]  A great many systems have been developed to recognize human hand gestures. [92] [edit]Facial expression Further information:  Facial expression Facial expressions can provide rapid feedback on the progress of a dialog between two humans, and soon may be able to do the same for humans and robots. Robotic faces have been constructed by  Hanson Robotics  using their elastic polymer called Frubber, allowing a large number of facial expressions due to the elasticity of the rubber facial coating and embedded subsurface motors (servos). [93]  The coating and servos are built on a metal  skull. A robot should know how to approach a human, judging by their facial expression and  body language. Whether the person is happy, frightened, or crazy-looking affects the type of interaction expected of the robot. Likewise, robots like  Kismet  and the more recent addition, Nexi[94]  can produce a range of facial expressions, allowing it to have meaningful social exchanges with humans. [95] [edit]Artificial emotions Artificial emotions can also be generated, composed of a sequence of facial expressions and/or gestures. As can be seen from the movie  Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within, the programming of these artificial emotions is complex and requires a large amount of human observation. To simplify this programming in the movie, presets were created together with a special software program. This decreased the amount of time needed to make the film. These presets could possibly be transferred for use in real-life robots. [edit]Personality Many of the robots of science fiction have a  personality, somethi Robotics Essay Example Robotics Essay You are to then upload your answers on Model. Approximate words are Indicated after each topic (you can type your responses in this document, save it and then upload). Topic That is a 50 words) In class, you spent a lot of time with the robot. What is a robot? What makes it a robot and not Just any old machine? Is your robot a good example? Explain and give examples. A robot is a machine designed to execute one or more tasks repeatedly commanded by programming, with speed and precision. There are as many different hypes of robots as there are tasks for them to perform, for example a vacuum vacuums automatically until the place is clean or turned off. My robot is a good example as it follows commands that we gave it via computer. A machine is Just a device either you must guide it yourself or it do only one function, and has no intelligence at all, for example a car, you must press accelerate to move forward and press brake to stop. Topic oho are Science, Technology, Engineering and Math related? 150-200 words) The activities you participated In used elements from many different disciplines together to accomplish specific goals. Give one example of (choose one): ; A science concept or technique used to accomplish a goal ; A mathematics concept or technique used to accomplish a goal (Angles) ; A technological concept, technique, or artifact used to accomplish a goal Explain how the concept, technique, or artifact helped to accomplish the common goal. We will write a custom essay sample on Robotics specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Robotics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Robotics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Finally, summarize In your own words how science, technology, and mathematics work together In order to accomplish real- world objectives. The use the mathematic technique angle allowed me to adjust how far the robot goes and how much it turns. Science helps us keep our food sustainable ND protected from pests. It allows for the mass production of items such as clothing, electronics, and food. Our water can be reused thanks to science. We can mass produce medicinal drugs a lot easier. Technology allows us to communicate and store food and cook food easier. Mathematics helps us when finding the percentage on a discount or anything that requires calculation. Science, technology and mathematics create careers such as engineering, doctors and dentists. Topic experience and Insight(100-150 words) Discuss one specific experience you had while working on the robotics activities that eloped you to understand something important about math, science, technology, engineering, communication, teamwork, or any other area you believe Is relevant. What did you learn? How might this knowledge help you to deal with new challenges in the future? One specific experience that I dealt with was being calm with my robot and the need for communication when doing group/pair work. I got extremely aggravated each time the robot did not work the way I wanted it to. Once I became calm and saw the problem, my partner and I communicated and solved it quickly and we achieved success.

Global labor migration and host countries

According to estimates provided by the united nation, the number of international migrants has increased from about 82 million to over 190 million from 1970 to 2005. During the same period global export’s volumes underwent a major expansion while the foreign direct investment, which is determined using the U.S dollar, received more than 100% growth in the 1970 level to 2000.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Global labor migration and host countries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Over the last decades, international migration has greatly attracted a lot of attention although there has been slow rate of expansion on how people move internationally (Borjas, 1989). Various attempts have been made in barricading borders and this has shown that the borders may not be dominant limiting factors in reducing international immigration expansion. Controlling irregular immigration has become a very hard task to h andle, both locally and internationally. Each year many people worldwide leave their home countries with prospects of getting new jobs. Some are not looking for jobs but better working conditions and in some instances, they are propelled by insecurity and poverty to look for any work. Migration in search of labor is a major globalization feature and it creates a very big impact to the world economy (Boyd, 1989). In 2005, it was estimated that migrant workers every year send to their home countries about US$250 billion or US$160 billion with informal remittance in order to cater for their family’s and community’s needs. Such money also helps in boosting the economic prosperity and growth of the host countries. Currently a global consensus has been reached on how labor migration contributes to development and growth of both destination and home countries. However, barriers have been put in place to check movement between labor market demands and possible immigrations for foreign labor in the host nations. The global labor migration policies that fail to meet the needs of human rights can put a lot of pressure on individual immigrants as well as their societies (Ethier, 1986). Studies done have revealed that 10-15% of current migrations involve immigrants at irregular situations who enter or work in other countries without the necessary authorization.Advertising Looking for assessment on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In such cases, individual who opt to use irregular immigration expose themselves to very high degrees of abuse of their human rights, forced labor and exploitation. Hence, the today’s global challenge lies in formulating mechanisms and policies of managing and regulating labor migration and ensuring that it creates a positive development in the host and home countries as well as the migrant’s wellbeing. In situations where migrants find themselves in risky conditions, I LO comes in to protect them and improve their working conditions (Friedberg, 1995). The body has been in operation since 1919.ILO is entrusted with the mandate of controlling the entire workers world as well as structuring rules that cover their competencies. In addition, it plays a central and crucial role in promoting effective use of policies that minimize risks and maximize benefits in work-based migration. There is need to develop and extend the already undertaken research on migration of skilled international laborers as global international cities keep on attracting big flows of corporate power and capital. The research should be undertaken within the context the globe verses the cities, more particularly on banking and international nance. Cities such as New York, London and Tokyo have increased their Streng in holding the banking industry and global nance, they have discovered the importance of being global market players by attracting skilled workers (Mahroum, 2000). The global cities command and control the global economy, which is based up their success. In particular, they control spatial organizations in new international divisions and transnational corporations strategies. Urban hierarchy is becoming central to control and accumulation of capital since corporate power and decision-making have rapidly been increasing in the global cities’ headquarters. Within the banking industry in particular, the skilled international migration workers have greatly helped the city of London in maintaining its local labor market. The migrants have helped the city in going global by creating parallels to its major functions as a major capital corporate.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Global labor migration and host countries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The city has also become a social center of nancial service in the corporate global networks with a v ery big worker’s through flow from different country where issues can be marketed, deals made, syndicates established and deals made. There has been an increase in skilled international workers as a result of globalization in nancial capital. This effect has been felt within investment banking using three main interlocking mechanisms; exchange expansion, emergence of international nancial system and producer service internationalization. Skilled international migrations play a very critical role in processes of global labor market in the nancial service industry in which corporate transactions, face-to-face communication, â€Å"dealing, and wheeling† perform great roles. In securities industries and investment, banking the labor process requires individuals who are knowledge specific and highly skilled. In Britain for instance, labor market entry is regulated tightly by banks recruiting from Cambridge and oxford universities (Mahroum, 2000). The banks have also placed specific qualification with are accompanies by trainings in the course of the job. â€Å"Deskilling† process is therefore not a feature of the global labor market. Specific personal skills in managerial and processional work in securities and investment banking cannot be easily replaced by use of subcontracting arrangement, automation or through indigenous labor assimilation. Therefore, international labor migration of skilled workers is mainly focused between global cities’ nancial communities, which in most instances cut across internal labor markets, securities houses and transnational banks. In terms of wealth creation and earnings, relatively higher incomes, bonus schemes and performance based pay have greatly encouraged managerial workers and international professionals to look for opportunities within the global cities especially within the corporate headquarters (Jonathan, 1996). Such a case was witnessed in 1980s booming in which big influx of migrants entered the city of London.Advertising Looking for assessment on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This caused salaries over-inflation beyond the average expected earnings. The media has helped in constructing a powerful image of wealthy pickings of London nacial or Manhattan through exposure of the yuppie culture, sexy and fast lifestyles. London’s magnetism as a living space and and working destination cannot be underestimated in constructing of the uneven skilled individuals distribution within nancial industry’s economy worldwide. Corporate professional want to work in global cities as they consume and accumulate wealth. One can argue that; migration of skilled international laborers can be termed as a disproportionate process in formation of the global city since its characteristics and magnitude dependent highly upon a person’s functional city and control capabilities in the urban hierarchy. In addition, in the course of the relationship existing between the global city and migration, headquarters functional control and principal earnings greatly determ ine global labor movement concentration. In order for an individual to conceptualize deeply on the relationship that lies between skilled international labor migration and the global cities two studies done in London city on global investment banking were analyzed. The city’s postal questionnaire of security houses foreign banks and a detailed survey interview of foreign and British investment banks was also analyzed. In this review through the various provided examples on international labor migration, it been stated that migration plays a fundamental role in global city control and functional capability in the world economy. In addition, other cities such as Singapore, New York, Tokyo and Hong Kong have disproportionately improved the capabilities to control international labor within the nance (Jonathan,1996). Suggestions have been made that; the magnitude, nature and the characteristics of the skilled international migration will only work at different levels in urban hie rarchy. There are number of impacts felt on the receiving countries. The effects on migrants arrival on the host nation’s economy is highly influenced by different circumstances (Friedberg, 1995).Sometime there can be flexibility in salaries and wages like in the U.S and this acts as a form of evidence in justifying that increases in supply could cause decreases in wages even among individuals with quality education (Either, 1986). Among the European nations where wages vary with flexibility, there are higher degrees of unemployed individuals. In both cases, the problems caused by the underlying issues clearly prove to have relatively small magnitude. By analyzing migrant’s degree of production and chances of securing employment from a broader perspective, one can note that migrants chances of getting greatly rely on the demands of an employer. Different countries have decided to make us of a adoption point scheme, a tool that is useful in identifying acceptable immigr ants who can work in such countries (Durand, 1996). The tool is currently being used in; Canada and Australia and greatly helps in increasing matching likelihood (Boyd, 1989). However, employers can closely match their demands by requesting migrants for previous working experiences. Therefore one state that; many migrants’ chances of securing employment are highly dependent on the employer’s personal demands. If such a case occurs, employees are given strict penalties as one of the ways of reducing undocumented immigration. Migration leads to so many mixed initial challenges upon any given host country, but in most scenarios, the general resultant effects upon the natives incomes seem meager. Over a long period, other factors may start showing their impacts (Borjas, 1989). Host country’s production activities mix in some occasions could start changing in order to accommodate new arrivals’ the framework. Secondly, there can be disturbances caused by migrat ion on the fiscal balance within the host state. Whether immigrants are part of the effects depends on a number of factors such as tax collection, their employability, their eligibility and need for state support. If migration is not managed in a sober manner, it very unlikely that it could act as a relieve source. Lastly, immigration can greatly affect the migrants in a negative way through acceleration of technical changes in the society. There are various approaches, which can be used in improving and expanding the temporary migration schemes without putting into consideration of whether they are broader or bilateral. One of such approaches is by ensuring that there is improved immigrants outcome and reduced return to home countries rate (Massey, 1993). Reference list Borjas, G.J.,1989. Economic theory and international migration. International Migration  Review 23(5),p.457-485. Boyd, M.Y.,1989. Family and personal networks in international migration: recent developments and ne w agendas. International migration review, 43(4),p.638 670. Durand, J.K.,1996. International migration and development in Mexican communities.  Demography,33(2),p 249-264. Ethier, W.J.,1986. Illegal immigration: The host-country problem. The American  economic review,76(1),p56-71. Friedberg, R.M.,1995. The impact of immigrants on host country wages, employment and growth. The Journal of Economic Perspectives. The Journal of Economic  Perspectives, 9(2),p.23-44. Jonathan, V., 1996 International labor migration, investment banking and the city of  London, 33(8),1378-1392. Mahroum, S.K.,2000. Highly skilled globetrotters: mapping the international migration of human capital. RD Management,30(1),p.23-32. Massey, D.S.,1993. Theories of international migration: a review and appraisal.  Population and development review,23(8),p.431-466. This assessment on Global labor migration and host countries was written and submitted by user Analia Boyer to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Good Manufacturing Practices

Good Manufacturing Practices Introduction Good manufacturing practices are the set guideline that outlines the process of manufacturing and testing to enhance on the quality of the pharmaceutical drugs (Moynihan 2003). This set of regulations and guidelines must be strictly followed although in some areas, to encourage innovation there is some latitude offered as long as the following steps are followed and documented:Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Good Manufacturing Practices specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Ensure raw materials are of quality. Record detailing the whole process of manufacturing should be kept High standards of cleanliness should be maintained Confirm the qualifications of the manufacturing personnel. Do in house testing immediate after manufacture. Ensure that high standards are maintained in the production processes. Maintain proper channels of storage as well as of distribution (Finn 1999). The process involved in changi ng of the drugs The actual stage of manufacture is the last stage in the pharmaceutical drug production. Thus to change the profile content of an existing drug is treated the same as manufacturing because the side effects of this new ingredients are not yet known. This process requires strict and rigorous documentation for the drug to comply with the good manufacturing process. Recording of the entire manufacturing process is mandatory because the records can be used in the case of a problem or when challenged by legal hurdles (Leape 1994). The first documents involved are the research documents. Before any pharmaceutical drugs are manufactured for public use, research must be undertaken. First in the labs to ensure that, they will work for the intended purposes. This is done by testing the compounds that are thought to contain substrates that can help to combat or help to alleviate the symptoms of the disease the drug is intended. The process is complicated and can be achieved usin g many methods including use of computer simulation or testing the combinations nature if different compounds. At this point, the research findings must be documented and the total RD funds used in the process documented as well. The handling of the new material should be handled with care and should be treated as raw materials until all the tests have been concluded. The raw materials should be tested to ensure that they comprise of the required substrates The QC manager should be able determine their origin and method of manufacture. This is because the sources could be natural or synthetic (Rang, et al. 2003). This is because most of the raw materials that had been produced naturally in the past now are now being produced synthetically. Their production process production should be investigated by the QC manager to ensure that it is up to all the standards set out by the drug controlling body of the respective country. He should ensure that the raw materials are also inclusive of active pharmaceutical ingredients that are pharmaceutically safe and that they contain the desired effects on the body (Ray 2003).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More After being certain that, the raw materials are well according to standards, the next step should be the production of the sample of the drugs so that they can be used for testing and for obtainment of a license. After the manufacture of the sample, the testing of the drug is ready and can be done (Ray and Alan 2005). Testing of the drug The testing of the drug is carried out through drug trials where a sample of people are administered the drugs and the effects it has on the people recorded for further analysis. The first step in the testing is the use of preclinical studies. These are done in vitro tubes or on animal and cell structure experiments (Ruesch 1991). The next step is the use of a small numb er of volunteers to investigate whether the drug has any therapeutic effect on the human body as was expected. This stage does not deal with safety or even the efficacy of the drug (Ruesch 1992). Phase 1 involves using groups of about 20-100 healthy volunteers to establish the safeness of the drug and also the total time the body can absorb and make use of it. The stage also include dose ranging so that the exact amount of dose that be used for therapeutic purposes is established. Payments of the volunteers are done according to the agreed amount and the time spent on the testing facilities. The other stage of testing involves the use of a large number of patients’ volunteers. They test on the drug to establish how effective it is against the symptoms of the disease, the amounts of the doses that are effective and the side effects that might occur. The final stage involves the use of a large number of volunteers to test the drug. At this point the effective nature of the drug is investigated as well as the side effects that can occur in the event of the usage of the drug. After the success of this stage, then the drug is licensed and given a trademark name ready to be sold to the public ( Burgos 1986). Impurity profiles Impurities are common in drugs because they are also part of the ingredients used in their manufacturing process and purity tests must be undertaken to ensure their complete elimination. The most famous and effective is the use of chromatography that separates the impurities from the real ingredients if they are any available (Braithwaite 1984).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Good Manufacturing Practices specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More After the impurities have been identified, ways should be formulated to ensure their removal and also to minimize their effects on the drug. This should be by elimination of some of the manufacturing practices that are practiced in the f irm. There should be manufacture of fine crystals while the process of isolation, the drying of the tablets should be done by a vacuum dryer and finely stability studies should be undertaken and detailed investigations on the process of preparation (Barnett 2003). How to ensure high quality products are produced To ensure that high quality products are produced, quality control should be applied at every stage of manufacture. This is to make sure that there is early identification of any production problems especially the weakness of the drugs. If a problem is identified then, production should stop and the problem determined (Baker 1994). Conclusion Good manufacturing practices are guidelines which are set for the safety of the public while using the pharmaceutical drugs. The entire process should be adhered to ensure that only quality kinds of drugs are available to the public. There have been cases of some pharmaceutical companies using undue methods to get their drugs approved b ut later these drugs cause some un repairable damage or even death. The governing body such as the FDA in the United States should that the process is strictly followed and only quality drugs are licensed for sale. References Baker, A., 1994. Awakening Our Self-Healing Body A Solution to the Health Care Crisis. California: Self Health Care Systems, LA. Barnett, A., 2003. Revealed: how drug firms hoodwink medical journals. London: The Observer.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Braithwaite, J., 1984. Corporate Crime in the Pharmaceutical Industry. London: Routledge Kegan Paul. Burgos, J., 1986. Hidden Crimes (Film), SUPRESS. California: Pasadena. Finn, R., 1999. Cancer Clinical Trials: Experimental Treatments and How They Can Help You. Sebastopol: OReilly Associates. Leape, L., 1994. Error in medicine. Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), 272 (23), p. 1851. Moynihan, R., 2003. Who pays for the pizza? Redefining the relationships between doctors and drug companies. 2: Disentanglement. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 326 (7400), pp. 1193–1196. Rang, et al., 2003. Pharmacology 5 ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. Ray, M., 2003. Drug company sponsorship of education could be replaced at a fraction of its cost. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 326 (7400), p.1163. Ray, M. and Alan, C., 2005. Selling Sickness: How Drug Companies are Turning Us All Into Patients. Allen Unwin. New York. Ruesch, H., 1991. Slaughter of the Innocent. Hartsdale N Y: CIVITAS Publications. Ruesch, H., 1992. Naked Empress the Great Medical Fraud, CIVIS. Switzerland: Massagno/Lugano.

Overview of digital forensics at NIST Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Overview of digital forensics at NIST - Article Example Due to the increased computer related crimes, it is a fundamental requirement for any organization to employ these digital forensic skills to establish and solve their security issues. Use of these forensic techniques provides an additional assistance to the organization since it helps in troubleshooting, identification and repair of operational issues within a system, reviewing of the operating systems (Barnett, par. 9). Also provides recovery of lost data from computer systems in case of malicious or accidental damage. It provides protection of sensitive information which would otherwise be used for malicious purposes and even acquisition of data from the hosts that can be used by the company in the future. Furthermore, it also gives an opportunity to monitor log entries and prevention of policy violations. Apart from all the support these digital forensics, there are shortcomings that accompany their use and benefits outlined above. One disadvantage is the difficulty in obtaining information from mobile devices like phones, iPads, and personal digital assistants. Law enforcement and forensics on these devices are still a challenge since most of the mobile devices require specialized interfaces, storage, and hardware. Also getting information from the cloud storage space is tedious because of the complicated cloud